Social Media's Dark Side ⚠️💔: Teens at Risk?

THE GLOBAL SHIFT: SOCIAL MEDIA AND AGE RESTRICTIONS
Social media bans are becoming a legislative trend after the precedentset by Australialast year, when it imposed an age limit on platforms including Meta’s Instagram and Facebook, Google’s YouTube, Elon Musk’s X, TikTok and Snapchat. “I’ve spoken to parents from several countries, and I have yet to meet a parent of young kids who is not dreading when they’re old enough to go online. Or a young person who has not experienced something awful and preventable,” Béjar said.

THE WHISTLEBLOWER’S PERSPECTIVE
Arturo Béjar, a former employee turned whistleblower at Mark Zuckerberg’s Meta, has talked to parents around the world. He says they share the same perspective: they dread the day their children are old enough to go online. Governments appear to be listening too. This month the UK became the latest country to state that it would set a minimum age of 16 for accessing major social media platforms.

LEGISLATIVE RESPONSE: A GLOBAL TREND
Indonesia and Malaysia have introduced bans for under-16s on certain platforms, while Austria, France and Norway are also looking at age restrictions. In the UK, a blanket mobile phone ban in schools, and children under the age of 16 are allowed to access social media only if it is linked to a parent’s account. The UK plans to have a ban in place by spring 2027, while Canada is also going to bar under-16s from platforms unless those apps implement adequate safeguards.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICS AND PLATFORM VARIATIONS
In the US, the home of the big powers in social media and of the first amendment, there is no prospect of a federal-level ban. But the US aside, it seems the debate over whether social media causes harm, and what should be done about it, has swung decisively. The UK government had appointed an independent academic expert panel to look at the effect of social media on teenagers and, so far, its findings are “nuanced”.

REGULATORY FRUSTRATION AND LOBBYING EFFORTS
A source at one tech company affected by the UK ban expressed frustration that some rivals had worked harder on safety than others, making what they viewed as rushed and disproportionately heavy regulation more likely. “It’s hard to sell your safety measures to politicians when there is not enough consistency among your peers,” said the source, adding that the end result was a situation such as the ban in Australia, which they said did not encourage safer platform design and had high levels of circumvention. “You’re throwing the baby out with the bathwater.”

TECH INDUSTRY LOBBYING AND SPENDING
Meanwhile, a tech industry flush with cash continues to lobby against restrictions. In the European Union, big tech companies spent approximately €150m (£130m) on lobbying last year, an increase of a third in just two years, with social media high on the agenda – although AI was the biggest focus for tech meetings with the European Commission. Meta was the biggest spender at €10m,according to the campaign groups Corporate Europe Observatory and LobbyControl.

THE ONLINE SAFETY ACT (KOSA) AND ITS CHALLENGES
One EU lawmaker said tech companies were “bombarding” Brussels with messages challenging social media age bans. The Online Safety Act (Kosa), which is under consideration in the Senate and would require social media platforms to put in place measures to prevent certain harms to children, such as from compulsive use of their platforms. Meta is the highest spending tech lobbyist in the US, according to the campaign group Issue One, and has one lobbyist for every six members of Congress.

LOBBYING EFFORTS IN THE UNITED STATES
Between 2020 and 2024 big tech companies spent a combined $260m on federal lobbying. Commenting on its lobbying for a change to Kosa that would reportedly give tech companies immunity from certain lawsuits alleging child harm, Meta said it wanted “uniform national standards for online youth safety”.

POLITICAL OPPOSITION AND LEGAL HURDLES
Donald Trump’s White House has been consistently critical of tech regulation abroad, including the prospect of a “disproportionate” social media age ban in the UK. A ban seems extremely unlikely on big tech’s home turf, given the combination of political gridlock, the legal barrier of the first amendment and big tech’s status as part of the US economic establishment.

BROOKINGS INSTITUTION ANALYSIS
Darrell West, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, a US thinktank, said state bans were “not likely on a widespread basis” and at a federal level the possibility was low “because too many legislators oppose government regulation of technology”.

THE SOCIAL MARKET FOUNDATION’S PERSPECTIVE
Theo Bertram, the director of the Social Market Foundation thinktank and a former TikTok executive, as well as a former adviser to two former UK prime ministers, said tech companies should view the UK announcement as a global “tipping point”. “The history of legislation is you have one or two outliers. And then when you start to get countries that have a regulatory influence in the world, like the UK, joining countries like Australia – then it becomes a tipping point.”

POPULISM AND THE ACCELERATED REGULATORY CYCLE
Populism had not only sped up the process, he said, but it had made the cycle seemingly endless. “In an age of populism these companies are suffering criticism as well, not just mainstream politicians. Tech companies are losing public opinion and politicians are going to move on that.” He added: “A fundamental worry that tech companies have is that tech regulation is becoming a topic that’s driven by public sentiment rather than expert and evidence-led policymaking.”

A SHIFTING FOCUS: PUBLIC SENTIMENT VERSUS EVIDENCE
Summarising the work so far of its expert panel, the UK government said there were “known harms” from social media, particularly to “high-risk” individuals, but there were also benefits. Nonetheless, it is not the only country that has decided the risks outweigh the benefits for under-16s. “Young pe...[truncated due to length]